In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. He was the third President to win the election without carrying the popular vote. Under Harrison, the first Pan American Congress met in Washington in 1889, which later developed into the Pan American Union. At the end of his administration Harrison also submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii, however, Grover Cleveland threw it away in his next term. Harrison Substantial signed many internal improvement bills, which included improvement in the naval sector, and subsidies for steamship lines. He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Harrison faced the ever-increasing problem of the tariff, and faced it by slightly raising it, but by including reciprocity provisions, especially on sugar, he attempted to make the tariff more acceptable. However, Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated, and prosperity seemed about to disappear as well, and as a result, Harrison was beaten by Cleveland in the next election.