Andrew Johnson, being Lincoln’s Vice President, assumed the presidency after Lincoln’s death. Although the leadership of the Moderates and Conservatives off the Republican party fell to Johnson, he was not well suited, either by circumstance or personality, for the task. He had been a Democrat until he joined the Union ticket with Lincoln in 1864, when he became a Republican president at a moment when partisan tensions were growing. He was intemperate and tactless, filled with resentments and insecurities. He was openly hostile to the freed slaves and unwilling to support any plans that guaranteed them civil equality or enfranchisement. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction (or “Restoration”), were implemented during the summer of 1865, when Congress was in recess. Part of this plan included the agreement that each state must ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. By the end of 1865, all the seceded states had formed new governments, but under different plans. Reconstruction under Johnson’s plan (often known as “presidential Reconstruction” continued until Congress reconvened in December 1865. Then Congress refused to seat the representatives of the restored states and created a new Joint Committee on Reconstruction, and the period of “congressional” or “Radical” Reconstruction had begun. Johnson vetoed both the first Civil Rights Act of 1866 (which was a response to the Black Codes), and an extent of the Freedman's Bureau, but Congress overrode him on both events. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified under Johnson, but the Radical Republicans (who had taken control of Congress) passed three Reconstruction bills early in 1867, overriding Johnson’s vetoes on all. This new “Congressional Plan” (Reconstruction Act of 1867) was in action throughout the rest of Reconstruction, and in addition, the Fifteenth amendment was ratified. President Johnson had long since ceased to be a serious obstacle to the passage of Republican legislation, but they thought he still remained impediment, so they began to try to impeach him, by arguing he violated the Tenure of Office Act but Johnson survived the impeachment by one vote, and Johnson was acquitted. Exhausted by the political turmoil of the Johnson administrating, voters did not reelect him in 1868.